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Аннотация. Изучение проактивного совладающего поведения в настоящее время является одной из наиболее актуальных и малоизученных тем современной психологии. В статье представлена авторская концепция проактивности, базирующаяся на работах В.М. Бехтерева, А.Ф. Лазурского, В.Н. Мясищева и других представителей Петербургской школы психологии и психотерапии, а также интегрирующая идеи современных западных психологов: L.G. Aspinwall, E. Greenglass, R. Schwarzer, S. Taubert. Показана взаимосвязь идеи проактивности и позитивного подхода в психологии и психотерапии. Описано соотнесение типов совладающего поведения с уровнем функционирования личности по А.Ф. Лазурскому, уровнем адаптированности, ведущим этическим императивом по С.Л. Франку, ведущим мотивом поведения по В.Ф. Чижу. Показана возможность использования данной концепции для обозначения психотерапевтических мишеней и критериев результативности тренингов личностного роста. Показана суть различий российского и западного подходов при изучении проактивности. Обосновывается существование двух типов проактивности: личностного (линия горизонта развития конкретного человека) и общечеловеческого (связан со степенью изменения окружающего мира при достижении человеком максимально возможного уровня развития его способностей в процессе достижения значимых целей). Выделяются критерии проактивного поведения: 1) самотрансценденция как выход за пределы себя (индикатор личностного роста); 2) привнесение нового в общечеловеческую копилку знаний (на общечеловеческом уровне). Приводится авторское определение проактивности. Ключевые слова: проактивность; совладающее поведение; копинг; Петербургская школа психотерапии; история психотерапии; история клинической психологии; теория личности.
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Последние годы как западные, так и отечественные исследователи большое внимание уделяют изучению особенностей мышления и поведения, способствующих эффективному преодолению стресса, успешной адаптации и превенции профессионального выгорания [2; 4; 13; 17; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28]. R. Schwarzer и S. Taubert выделили четыре основных типа совладающего поведения: реактивное, антиципаторное, превентивное, проактивное [28]. Изучение проактивного совладающего поведения в указанном контексте на сегодняшний день является одной из наиболее актуальных и малоизученных тем современной психологии [2; 4; 16; 25]. Важно подчеркнуть, что интерес к проактивному поведению в западной психологии возник практически одновременно с распространением позитивного подхода в психологии и психотерапии [5; 9; 22]. Теоретическим базисом данного тренда стала трансактная теория стресса, согласно которой стресс — это ответная реакция на новую информацию, а именно, на отсутствие соответствия между возможностями личности и требованиями со стороны среды, выявляемое в ходе когнитивной переработки данной информации. Стресс является индивидуально воспринимаемым феноменом, опосредованным психологическими особенностями личности [2; 3; 13; 18; 25; 26]. Согласно нашим представлениям, основные теоретические положения, необходимые для понимания концепции проактивности, были заложены еще в начале ХХ века представителями Петербургской школы психологии и психотерапии В.М. Бехтеревым, А.Ф. Лазурским, В.Ф. Чижом, С.Л. Франком. Определяющими чертами Петербургской школы психологии и психотерапии начала ХХ века являются деятельностный, позитивный, холистический подходы к пониманию личности. В.М. Бехтерев в работе «Бессмертие человеческой личности как научная проблема» писал: «… человек не только способен к совершенствованию, но он и не может не совершенствоваться, находясь в условиях окружающей его среды, и потому совершенствование его идет то скорее, то медленнее, но безостановочно всю жизнь до ее предела. Каждый миг его жизни есть только ступень для поднятия вверх к высшим формам проявления индивидуальности — вот основной закон нормального развития человеческой жизни» [1]. Данное представление подчеркивает важность усилий человека, раскрывает динамическую природу развития и функционирования личности и отличается от жесткого диспозиционального подхода, в рамках которого личностные черты рассматриваются как малопластичные образования, предопределяющие ригидность копинг-поведения [11]. В историческом плане основоположниками позитивного подхода в психологии и психотерапии стали И.И. Мечников и А.И. Яроцкий. В одной из первых книг по позитивной психологии — «Этюды оптимизма» (1907) — И.И. Мечников сформулировал основной тезис: «Если в числе очень сложных задатков человеческой природы, имеющих свой источник в ее животных предках, немало дисгармоничных черт, причиняющих нам несчастье, то в ней нет недостатка и в свойствах, которые могут обеспечить человеку счастливое существование» [6]. А уже в 1908 году А.И. Яроцкий опубликовал книгу «Идеализм как физиологический фактор» [23], в которой постулировал взаимосвязь позитивного отношения к жизни и соматического и психического здоровья личности и предложил терапию идеалами, которая стала первым в мире методом позитивной психотерапии [9]. В психологическом плане идеи В.М. Бехтерева, И.И. Мечникова, А.И. Яроцкого были обобщены и структурированы А.Ф. Лазурским в уровневой теории личности, которая, по нашему мнению, является ключевой для понимания сути реактивного, активного (антиципаторно-превентивного) и проактивного совладающего поведения [11; 12; 15]. В книге «Классификация личностей» А.Ф. Лазурский подчеркивал необходимость создания не чисто психологической, а, в терминологии наших дней, «био-психо-социо-духовной» классификации. Для достижения такого результата он предложил выделять эндо- и экзопсихику, разделил их по психическому содержанию на несколько типов, а также распределил людей по психическому уровню активности на три разряда (низший, средний и высший) и выделил критерии повышения уровня жизненного функционирования [11; 12; 19]:
Необходимо подчеркнуть, что выделяемое прежде всего экзистенциалистами понятие «наполненность жизни» оказывается не чем иным, как стремлением к повышению психического уровня по А.Ф. Лазурскому. В практическом плане указанные критерии могут быть означены как психотерапевтические мишени, что позволяет перевести метафору «личностный рост» в осязаемые и измеряемые показатели психотерапевтического результата. Повышение уровня жизненного функционирования личности возможно только при выполнении всех пяти критериев А.Ф. Лазурского. В.Н. Мясищев в 1948 году для обозначения интегральной характеристики особенностей здоровой, успешной, полноценно развивающейся личности предложил понятие «глубокая перспектива», которое по сути отражает значимые составляющие феномена проактивности: «Глубокая перспектива — это задача и цели, проецированные далеко в будущее; это структура личности, ее поведения и деятельности, в которых конкретные и лабильные отношения остро текущего момента подчинены устойчивому отношению, интегрирующему множество моментов настоящего, прошлого и будущего» [8]. Согласно нашим представлениям, типы совладающего поведения можно различать по следующим признакам: уровень функционирования личности по А.Ф. Лазурскому, уровень адаптированности, ведущий тип совладания (по R. Schwarzer и S. Taubert), ведущий этический императив по С.Л. Франку, ведущий мотив поведения по В.Ф. Чижу (таблица 1).
Таблица 1
Признаки разных типов совладающего поведения по В.Ю. Слабинскому и
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личностный (линия горизонта развития конкретного человека); |
– |
общечеловеческий (связанный со степенью изменения окружающего мира при достижении человеком максимально возможного уровня развития его способностей в процессе достижения значимых целей). |
Соответственно, можно выделить такие критерии проактивного поведения, как:
1) |
Самотрансценденция как выход за пределы себя (индикатор личностного роста). В западной литературе в настоящее время отсутствует понимание проактивности в общечеловеческом контексте, что, на наш взгляд, существенно обедняет теоретическое осмысление феномена проактивности. |
2) |
Привнесение нового в общечеловеческую копилку знаний (на общечеловеческом уровне). |
Подводя итог, авторы статьи предлагают свое определение проактивности.
Проактивность — это интегральное смыслоцентрированное свойство взрослой здоровой личности, основанное на этике «любви к дальнему» и «мотивах долга», связанное с умением оперировать большими пластами времени, аккумулировать и экономно использовать любые виды ресурсов, необходимые для достижения отдаленных по времени жизненных целей, и реализующееся на личностном и/или общечеловеческом уровнях.
Литература
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Ссылка для цитирования
УДК 159.943.8
Слабинский В.Ю., Воищева Н.М. К вопросу концепции проактивности // Медицинская психология в России: электрон. науч. журн. – 2016. – N 1(36). – C. 5 [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: http://mprj.ru (дата обращения: чч.мм.гггг).
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Abstract. Studying proactive coping behaviour is one of the most relevant and understudied issues of modern psychology nowadays. The article represents the author’s conception of proactivity based on the works of V.M. Bekhterev, A.F. Lazurskiy, V.N. Myasischev and other representatives of St. Petersburg School of Psychology and Psychotherapy and integrates ideas of modern Western psychologists: L.G. Aspinwall, E. Greenglass, R. Schwarzer, S. Taubert. It shows the interrelation between the ideas of proactivity and positive approach in psychology and psychotherapy. The article describes the relations between types of coping behaviour and A.F. Lazurskiy’s level of personal functioning, level of adaptation, S.L. Frank’s leading ethic imperative and V.F. Chizh’s leading motive of behaviour. It shows an opportunity to use this conception to denote psychotherapeutic targets and effectiveness criteria of personal growth trainings. The article shows the difference between Russian and Western approaches in studying proactivity. It justifies the existence of two types of proactivity: personal (line of development horizon of a particular person) and panhuman (linked to the degree of change in the world around when a person achieves the biggest possible level of the development of his/her abilities during the achievement of significant goals). The article identifies the following criteria of proactive behaviour: 1) self-transcendence as leaving the limits of self (personal growth indicator); 2) introduction of something new to panhuman repository of knowledge (at panhuman level). It gives the author’s definition of proactivity.
Key words: proactivity; coping behaviour; coping; St. Petersburg School of Psychotherapy; history of psychotherapy; history of clinical psychology; theory of personality.
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In recent years, both Western and domestic researchers pay much attention to studying the peculiarities of thinking and behaviour, which contribute to effective coping with stress, successful adaptation and prevention of job burnout [2; 4; 13; 17; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28]. R. Schwarzer and S. Taubert identified four main types of coping behaviour: reactive, anticipatory, preventive and proactive [28]. Studying proactive coping behaviour in this context is one of the most relevant and understudied topics of modern psychology nowadays [2; 4; 16; 25]. It is important to stress that the interest to proactive behaviour in Western psychology appeared almost simultaneously with the spread of positive approach in psychology and psychotherapy [5; 9; 22]. Transact theory of stress became a theoretical basis for this trend. It says that stress is a response to new information, namely the lack of correspondence between person’s abilities and demands of environment, which is revealed during cognitive processing of this information. Stress is an individually perceived phenomenon mediated by psychological peculiarities of a person [2; 3; 13; 18; 25; 26].
We believe that key theoretic provisions necessary to understand the conception of proactivity were found as early as at the end of XX century by V.M. Bekhterev, A.F. Lazurskiy, V.F. Chizh and S.L. Frank, the representatives of Petersburg School of Psychology and Psychotherapy.
Active, positive and holistic approaches to the understanding of personality are crucial features of Petersburg school of Psychology and Psychotherapy at the beginning of XX century. V.M. Bekhterev wrote in his Immortal Human Personality as a Scientific Problem, "a human is not only able to improve himself, he cannot but improve himself being in his environment and therefore his improvement is sometimes slow and sometimes rapid, but it lasts throughout his whole life. Every moment of his/her life is only a step to rise up to higher forms of individuality expression — this is the basic law of normal development of a human life" [1]. This assumption stresses the importance of human efforts, reveals the dynamic nature of development and functioning of personality and differs from strict dispositional approach, which regards personal traits as quite stiff phenomena that define the rigidity of coping behaviour [11].
In historic aspect, positive approach in psychology and psychotherapy was found by I.I. Mechnikov and A.I. Yarotskiy.
I.I. Mechnikov stated a key thesis in one of his first books on positive psychology, Essays on Optimism (1907), "Very complicated potentials of human nature inherited from animal ancestors have a lot of disharmonious traits that bring us misfortune. However, it also involves a lot of features, which can make a person happy" [6]. As soon as in 1908, A.I. Yarotskiy published a book Idealism as a Physiological Factor [23], in which he stated the interrelation between positive attitude to life and person’s somatic and mental health and offered a therapy of ideals, which became the world’s first method of positive psychotherapy [9].
In psychological aspect, ideas of V.M. Bekhterev, I.I. Mechnikov and A.I. Yarotskiy were generalised and structured by A.F. Lazurskiy in the level theory of personality, which, in our opinion, is crucial for understanding the essence of reactive, active (anticipatory-preventive) and proactive coping behaviour [11; 12; 15].
A.F. Lazurskiy stressed the necessity to create "bio-psycho-socio-spiritual" classification (in modern terms) instead of purely psychological in his book Classification of Personalities. To achieve this result, he offered to distinguish between endo- and exopsyche, separated them according to their mental content into several types, distributed persons into three categories (lowest, average and highest) according to mental level of activity and identified criteria to increase level of life functioning [11; 12; 19]:
1. |
Personality wealth defined according to general quantity of mental production. This includes "volume of interest" or width of area on which it spreads. "Thus, a person can be a narrow specialist in knowledge and science totally plunged into his speciality, or, vice versa, an all-round scholar interested in most various fields of knowledge." Level of interest’s development (differentiation) or degree of interest’s delicacy. In Ayurvedic medicine and medieval Arab psychotherapy, physicians pay much attention to the "development of fine tastes". They considered it important for a proper personality. Books, pictures, items and other products of creative life that present the materialised result of some activity will be indicators of development. It is important to stress that the development of aesthetic taste — understanding of beauty as an objective condition of evolution — is a basis for psychology of attitude [13]. |
2. |
The intensity of particular mental manifestations: the more developed is a personality the stronger and brighter will be its manifestations and the most obvious will be a dominant [20]. |
3. |
Consciousness and high-mindedness of mental manifestations. We can definitely assume that development of personality is, first of all, the increased consciousness and high-mindedness, which provide purposefulness and meaningfulness of activity as well as stable motives during the achievement of a goal. This idea is reflected in the works of V.S. Myasischev, a follower of A.F. Lazurskiy: "Development and growth of activity make behaviour more internally aroused. Person’s actions are no longer defined by a current situation — the limits of an actual situation infinitely broaden both retrospectively and prospectively [8]. |
4. |
Increasing coordination of mental elements. The development of personality is directly linked to such traits as good organisation, accuracy, insistence, punctuality. "Process of concentration that contributes to natural unity of various personality elements around one common centre can lead to spiritual harmony and spiritual unity, in which many philosophers and moralists saw the ideal and final goal of spiritual development of each particular individual". "Every work, especially intellectual, first of all involves the concentration of thoughts in a known direction and then in some efforts coordinated and directed to achieve a known definite goal" [9]. |
5. |
Tendency to increase mental level, striving to improve oneself. In A.F. Lazurskiy’s opinion, this is the most important parameter [19]. He writes, "No person can give more that he received from nature (innate peculiarities of neural and mental organisation) in his mental manifestations. However, spiritual forces given by nature can either stay undeveloped, in an embryonic stage, or unfold ad maximum both in quantitative and qualitative aspect. It is this "holy fire", this striving for possibly more complete and all-round development and manifestation of ones spiritual forces that we consider equally valuable whether it will manifest either in a bright and various psyche of an exceptionally gifted person or in a poor primitive soul of an individual that belongs to the lowest mental level [9; 19]. |
We should stress that the concept of an "abundant life" identified, first of all, by existentialists turns to be mere a striving to increase mental level according to A.F. Lazurskiy.
In practical aspect, these criteria can mean psychotherapeutic targets, which enables to shift a "personal growth" metaphor into tangible and measured indices of psychotherapeutic results.
It is possible to increase personal level of life functioning only if all five A.F. Lazurskiy’s criteria are fulfilled.
In 1948, V.N. Myasischev offered a concept of deep perspective to denote integral characteristic of the peculiarities of a healthy, successful and properly developing personality. In fact, this concept reflects significant components of proactivity phenomenon, "Deep perspective is a task and goals projected far in the future; it is a structure of personality, its behaviour and activity, in which particular and labile relations of acute current moment are subdued to stable relation that integrate many moments of the present, past and future [8].
We assume that types of coping behaviour can be distinguished according to the following signs: A.F. Lazurskiy’s level of personality functioning, level of adaptation, leading type of coping (according to R. Schwarzer and S. Taubert), S.L. Frank’s leading ethic imperative as well as V.F. Chizh’s leading motive of behaviour (table 1).
Table 1
Therefore, the lowest level of life functioning involves poorly adapted persons who, as a rule, use reactive ways of coping and follow "ethic of dislike" and motive of direct pleasure. Extreme prevalence of direct pleasure motive leads to sudden impulsive actions observed among mentally ill persons by V.F. Chizh [10]. The lowest level can be metaphorically compared to infernal worlds. According to Lazurskiy’s theory, the representatives of lowest level are characterized by reactive behaviour caused by striving to reduce "the quantity of sufferings" due to the pressure of external circumstances. The representatives of this group are often outsiders in the social aspect and need the assistance of appropriate state institutes. As a rule, negative past is their leading parameter.
The average level involves well adapted persons who, as a rule, use active type of coping (anticipatory-preventive), they follow "love for the neighbour" ethic and benefit motives of utilitarians. The benefit motives have a lasting impact, which defines more or less long chains of various actions. The V.F. Chizh’s conclusion that people differ in the ratio of "quantity of activity from the first group motives to the quantity of activity from the second motive" rather than in the way they understand their usefulness is interesting. In his opinion, it would be wrong to think that education and wide knowledge give advantage to the motives of the second group — "it is only abundant higher feelings that make the motives of the second group more powerful". Therefore, it is natural that V.F. Chizh considered weakened motives of the second group as one of the early signs of mental diseases [10]. According to Lazurskiy, individuals who function at the average level are mostly characterized by active behaviour (purposeful activity) and striving to change the world around and oneself according to a particular plan. The time closest to the present time is a leading time interval for them.
The highest level involves hyperadapted persons that use proactive ways of coping in their life and follow the ethic of "love to the distant one" and duty motives. V.F. Chizh noted that the prevalence of the duty motive is, first of all, the expression of higher development of mental organization. One should have a highly developed mind in order to clearly and correctly understand them. One should have vivid and developed higher feelings to take suffering and joy of the neighbours close to our heart. One should have a strong will turned inside in order motives of direct pleasure and benefit motives not to distract activity from the motives of duty [Ibidem]. A.F. Lazurskiy’s theory says that representatives of the highest level are altruistic and focus on future. Future is their leading parameter.
Frank writes in his work Nietzsche and Ethics of Love to the Distant One [21], "'Love to the distant one' is a feeling expressed to all 'distant', to all that is remote in either space or time or moral and psychology and therefore act via more abstract moral impulses rather than indirectly, through affect of compassion. In this broad sense, "love to the distant one" includes both love to more distant benefits and interests of the "neighbours" and love to people that are "distant" for us: our compatriots, our ancestors. At last, it involves love to everything abstract — love to truth. Love for the good and justice — in other words, love for everything that is called 'ideal' or, as Nietzsche says, 'love to things and ghosts'… The love for the distant one originates from a feeling that is antimoral from the viewpoint of common moral: estrangement from the 'neighbour', total break from the environment and its life. The 'neighbours' who live today’s life and are anchored with their established existence do not understand a person who loved a distant the 'distant one' and fear him\her. Love for the neighbour is also active, though it is restricted to manifestation of compassion instinct to people and deprived of creative element and firm and systematic destruction of old and creation of new, which is typical for the 'love for the distant one'… Hardness in the achievement of intended goal — in the creation of the 'distant one', courage in a fight, quiet and even joyous attitude to one’s death resulted in the awareness of its necessity for the triumph of 'the distant one' — here are basic features of a moral character demanded by ethic of love for the distant one".
If we analyse the works of classics in psychology and psychotherapy, we find that their scientific and therapeutic interest focused on the representatives of various levels according to A.F. Lazurskiy. Thus, S. Freud based his psychoanalysis conception on the results of studying a sample of persons that were at the lowest level (psychiatry), while K.G. Jung mostly worked as a psychologist with the representatives of average level, which enabled him to notice the existence of descending and ascending trends in the dynamics of personal development. K.G. Jung identified the stages of Nigredo, Albedo and Rubedo in the turnover of life cycles of average level representatives. L. Binswanger illustrated this discovery by the dream material of his clients. Every person experiences periods of decline and rise in the course of his/her life. In the first case, there is a risk of somatic and mental disorder and change to the lowest level. For example, the development of job burnout is inevitably linked to the expressed descending trend and represents a situation of risk to fall into Inferno. In the second case, the ascending trend accompanied by favourable circumstances can give a person the possibility to change to the highest level. We assume that highest level involves persons who do not need psychological aid and all the more psychiatric treatment. This group includes philosophers, spiritual teachers, Orthodox elders and scientific genius. The transformation of a personality during the transition to a higher level can be metaphorically likened to the transformation of pine tar into amber.
It is important to stress that, according to A.F. Lazurskiy’s theory, each person has various potentials (internal resources), from which the abilities develop throughout his/her life under the influence of external environment and significant others (external sources) as well as person’s own efforts. Each higher level of life functioning includes types of coping from previous levels. Thus, proactive individual uses both active and reactive types of coping in his life dependent from the demands of a situation. A person who functions at the lowest level is mainly limited by reactive copings, which, in fact, are close to psychological defences. The level of life functioning increases as quantity becomes quality. Thus, a person who functions at the average level gradually begins to use particular proactive strategies more frequently. Thus, L.G. Aspinwall, R. Schwarzer, S. Taubert refer proactive coping, reflexive coping, strategic planning, preventive coping, search of instrumental support and search of emotional support to proactive strategies of coping behaviour [24; 27; 28]. In our opinion, the motivation peculiarities and ethic imperative are significant too.
We should introduce some new concepts to answer a question about the possibility to develop proactivity as an integral property of personality. Each person has his own "development corridor" [15]. The development corridor means entire potentially possible way of person’s development related to full use of internal and external resources. Internal resources relate to the peculiarities of human constitution (individual characteristics), while external — mostly to the possibility of socialization, acquiring social experience (economic, legal, professional status, peculiarities of community, in which a personality is developing etc.). Starting opportunities (as a point of the beginning of personal development) will be almost equal in different persons. However, the farther goes life line from the moment of birth, the brighter the possibilities and limitations related to internal and external human resources will manifest. Potential (fully possible) length of a development corridor is defined by internal human resources, while external resources give additional abilities to move forward along this development corridor.
Obviously, all people have various possibilities for personal development. Thus, what is the upper limit and ceiling of actualisation for a certain ability for one person is just a start for another person. However, the entire way of personal development is placed within the time limits of a particular person.
We offer to define total knowledge resources accumulated by a humanity for thousand years by the visibility (manifestation) zone. This is what already exists in the world and has clear models to follow, standards and ideals. The closer are persons to the left borderline of a zone (picture 3), the more available is a particular level of abilities’ development for most of them. The clearer are the parameters to follow the model. We can always compare ourselves with someone whom we can use a model to follow in the "visibility zone". Therefore, criteria of successfulness are quite clearly defined here [Ibidem].
"Visibility zone" is followed by "invisibility (latency) zone". This is the territory of what is not created yet though potentially possible. In our opinion, only those whose development corridor goes far beyond the manifested world can enter this territory. The invisibility zone has neither obvious models to follow nor clearly defined standards. Therefore, we should move forward in the "invisibility zone" almost by feel and rely on our intuition.
Persons whose "development corridor" is completely situated in the visibility zone are quite able to fully reveal their potential. Indeed, persons with long "development corridor" can hardly achieve maximum as non-actualised potential possibility to raise the level of development of some ability by entering "invisibility zone" will always press and create a feeling of something uncomplete and underdone, a feeling that life was lived in vain. It is only the ideal and fully actualised Ego of these persons (which is yet in the zone of latent world) that can serve a model to follow for such persons. It is very hard and often terrible to leave the limits of visible world. Besides, it is not clear how to do it. Therefore, a person with exceptional abilities faces an intrapersonal conflict, the essence of which is a contradiction between the necessity to fully actualise oneself to feel that life is full of meaning and implicit ways to fully reveal one’s potential. It is possible to enter "invisibility (latency) zone" only if a person has high level of proactivity [12; 15].
E.S. Starchenkova points out: "Proactive level of coping relates to setting and achievement of personally significant goals in a remote future as well as with anticipation of possible obstacles for their achievement. Proactive level of coping involves prediction and development of remote and relatively indefinite future in all the complicity, multidimensionality and multivariance of life path" [16].
Proactive coping can be opposed to traditional coping by both temporal factor and dominating type of person’s motivation: avoidance motivation is more typical for reactive behaviour, while achievement motivation — for proactive [12].
Proactive coping is a special style of life based on the belief that everything that happens in a person’s life is determined rather by himself/herself than luck or confluence of external circumstances. Life of those persons is mostly directed by internal factors and they are responsible for the events that happen to them. Therefore, proactive individuals are prone to positive evaluation of things that happen; they accumulate personal resources and are able to quickly mobilise them in case of stress.
We introduce the conception of proactivity horizon to specify a full potential of personality.
Proactivity horizon is a full possible level of development and use of internal and external human resources necessary to achieve significant life goals remote in time, which is compared to the degree of change of the world around in the process and result of achieving these goals [15].
For a person, whose "development corridor" of abilities is completely situated in the "visibility (manifestation) zone", line of proactivity horizon will lie in the zone of panhuman past, i.e. the degree of change in the world around caused by achievement of goals significant for this person will be close to zero. He will not be able to bring something principally new in the world (picture 4).
The lower triangle on the pic. 4 represents the zone of panhuman past. This is the territory of visible (manifested) world; this is what is already invented, discovered, scientifically proved and created. The upper triangle is a panhuman future, "zone of invisible (latent)" world.
For a person, whose "development corridor" enters the zone of invisible world, the line of development horizon will be situated in the zone of panhuman future (picture 5). The higher is the line of horizon in the zone of future, the greater is the possible degree of changing the world around by a person [12].
On the picture 5, the blue part of the upper triangle reflects the degree of possible changes in the world at the fullest possible level of development of abilities actualised during the achievement of significant goal.
Therefore, we can identify two types of proactivity:
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personal (line of development horizon of a particular person); |
– |
panhuman (linked to the degree of change in the world around when a person achieves the biggest possible level of the development of his/her abilities during the achievement of significant goals). |
Thus, we can identify such criteria of proactive behaviour as:
1) |
Self-transcendence as living the limits of Self (personal growth indicator). Nowadays, Western literature lacks the understanding of proactivity in panhuman context, which, in our opinion, significantly impoverishes theoretical comprehension of a proactivity phenomenon. |
2) |
Introduction of something new in the panhuman repository of knowledge (at panhuman level). |
In conclusion, the authors offer their definition of proactivity.
Proactivity is an integral meaning-centred property of an adult healthy personality based on the ethics of "love to the distant one" and "motives of debt" and linked to the ability to operate large layers of time, accumulate and economically use any resources, which are necessary to achieve life goals remote in time and actualise at personal and/or panhuman levels.
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For citation
Slabinskii V.Yu., Voishcheva N.M. Revisiting proactivity conception. Med. psihol. Ross., 2016, no. 1(36), p. 5 [in Russian, in English]. Available at: http://mprj.ru ↑
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